Newsletter Section	Paper Name	Objective	Method	Subjects	Results
Protein 201 : Animal Protein and Diseases of the Rich	Meat, fish and dairy products and the risk of cancer World Cancer Research Fund. American Institute for Cancer Research.	To analyse cancer prevention and survival research related to diet, nutrition and physical activity from all over the world	Meta-analysis on cohort, case controlled, randomized controlled trials and epidemiological evidence	NA	There is strong evidence that consuming Red meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer Processed meat increases the risk of colorectal cancer Cantonese-style salted fish increases the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer Dairy products decrease the risk of colorectal cancer
Protein 201 : Animal Protein and Diseases of the Rich	Global Burden of Disease	NA	NA	NA	Obesity prevalence has risen in almost every country in the world-leading to more than a million deaths from type 2 diabetes, half a million deaths from diabetes-related chronic kidney disease, and 180000 deaths related to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Protein 201 : Animal Protein and Diseases of the Rich	DIETARY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS 2015-2020 EIGHTH EDITION	Developing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans	Original systematic reviews Review of existing systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and reports by Federal agencies or leading scientific organizations Data analyses Food pattern modeling analyses	NA	Overall healthy eating patterns, including vegetables, fruits, grains, dairy, protein foods, and oils—eaten within an appropriate calorie level and in forms with limited amounts of saturated fats, added sugars, and sodium. Two specific implementations : Healthy Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern Healthy Vegetarian Eating Pattern
Protein 201 : Animal Protein and Diseases of the Rich	Science-based solutions to obesity: what are the roles of academia, government, industry, and health care? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2005 Impact factor : 6.77 Citations : 83	The proceedings from the symposium held by Harvard Medical School Division of Nutrition, discuss the following: the science of obesity-related topics such as genetics, protein and weight loss, portion size, energy density, and behavior; the need for more aggressive government policies; industry’s role in using research and development capabilities to promote healthier, portion-controlled products; and how to translate nutrition information from medical doctors to patients.	NA	NA	NA
Protein 201 : Diseases of rich and obesity rates have also been increasing in the developed world such as the United States	Major Dietary Protein Sources and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women American Heart Association Impact Factor : 4.45 Citations : 480	To examine the relation between foods which are major dietary protein sources and incident CHD.	Cohort Study. Diet was assessed by a standardized and validated questionnaire and updated every four years with a 26 year follow up.	84,136 women aged 30-55 years in the Nurses’ Health Study with no known cancer, diabetes, angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, or other cardiovascular disease	Higher intakes of red meat, red meat excluding processed meat, and high-fat dairy were significantly associated with elevated risk of CHD. Higher intakes of poultry, fish, and nuts were significantly associated with lower risk. One serving/day of nuts was associated with a 30% lower risk of CHD, when compared to one serving/day of red meat. A lower risk was associated with one serving/day of low-fat dairy
Protein 201 : Diseases of rich and obesity rates have also been increasing in the developed world such as the United States	Red meat consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: 3 cohorts of US adults and an updated meta-analysis American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Impact Factor : 6.77 Citations : 631	Evaluate the association between unprocessed and processed red meat consumption and incident T2D in US adults.	Meta-Analysis on 3 cohorts of US adults	HPFS, NHS I, and NHS II	One serving/d increase of unprocessed, processed, and total red meat consumption was associated with a 12%, 32%, and 14% elevated risk of T2D in the 3 cohort studies. One serving of nuts per day was associated with a 21% lower risk of T2D when compared with one serving total red meat/d. When compared with one serving total red meat/d, the risk reductions associated with low-fat dairy products and whole grain were 17% and 23%, respectively. The corresponding risk reductions associated with nuts, low-fat dairy products, and whole grains were 20% (13%, 26%), 16% (13%, 19%), and 24% (20%, 28%) for unprocessed red meat, and 32% (26%, 37%), 29% (25%, 33%), and 35% (30%, 39%) for processed red meat, respectively.
Protein 201 : Hypothesis #2 : Cooking method and sourcing	A call for global monitoring of WASH in wet markets The Lancet Planetary Health Impact Factor : 60.392	NA	NA	NA	Call for standardised global monitoring of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions at food and live animal markets. Using monitoring data to target wet markets for hygiene and sanitation infrastructure upgrades, while protecting these marketplaces as vibrant, affordable, community spaces should be the global public health community’s next major focus
Protein 201 : Hypothesis #2 : Cooking method and sourcing	Overselling wildlife trade bans will not bolster conservation or pandemic preparedness The Lancet	NA	NA	NA	NA
Protein 201 : Hypothesis #2 : Cooking method and sourcing	Preventing the Next Pandemic: Zoonotic diseases and how to break the chain of transmission	NA	NA	NA	NA
Protein 201 : Hypothesis #3 : The higher concentration of animal protein itself may be triggering an insulin like growth factor IGF-1/signaling pathway that could promote cancer growth	Long-term low-protein, low-calorie diet and endurance exercise modulate metabolic factors associated with cancer risk The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition Impact factor : 6.77 Citations : 118	We hypothesized that long-term low protein, low calorie intake and endurance exercise are associated with low concentrations of plasma growth factors and hormones that are linked to an increased risk of cancer	Plasma growth factors and hormones were evaluated	21 sedentary subjects, who had been eating a low-protein, low-calorie diet for 4.4 +/-2.8y(x +/- SD age: 53.0 +/- 11 y); 21 endurance runners matched by body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2); and 21 age-and sex-matched sedentary subjects eating Western diets	BMI was lower in the low-protein, low-calorie diet (21.3 +/- 3.1) and runner (21.6 +/- 1.6) groups than in the Western diet (26.5 +/- 2.7;P < 0.005) group. Plasma concentrations of insulin, free sex hormones, leptin, and C-reactive protein were lower and sex hormone–binding globulin was higher in the low-protein, low-calorie diet and runner groups than in the sedentary Western diet group (all P < 0.05). Plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and the concentration ratio of IGF-I to IGF binding protein 3 were lower inthe low-protein, low-calorie diet group (139 +/- 37 ng/mL and 0.033 +/- 0.01, respectively) than in the runner (177 +/- 37 ng/mL and0.044 +/- 0.01,respectively)and sedentary Western (201 +/- 42ng/mL and 0.046 +/- 0.01, respectively) diet groups (P < 0.005)
Protein 201 : Hypothesis #3 : The higher concentration of animal protein itself may be triggering an insulin like growth factor IGF-1/signaling pathway that could promote cancer growth	Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and breast cancer risk: pooled individual data analysis of 17 prospective studies The Lancet Oncology Impact factor :60.392 Citations : 513	To analyse pooled individual data from prospective studies to increase the precision of the estimated associations of endogenous hormones with breast-cancer risk	Meta-Analysis on 17 prospective studies in 12 countries		Circulating IGF1 is positively associated with breast-cancer risk. The association is not substantially modified by IGFBP3, and does not differ markedly by menopausal status, but seems to be confined to oestrogen-receptor-positive tumours.
Protein 201 : Hypothesis #3 : The higher concentration of animal protein itself may be triggering an insulin like growth factor IGF-1/signaling pathway that could promote cancer growth	Why do centenarians escape or postpone cancer? The role of IGF-1, inflammation and p53 Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy Impact Factor : 4.846 Citations : 76	To critically analyse the literature in order to propose a unifying hypothesis that can account for this cancer protection in centenarians	Review of the scientific literature regarding three main players in tumorigenesis such as IGF-1, inflammation and p53, and centenarians.	NA	Centenarians appear to be characterised by low IGF-1-mediated responses and high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β, a condition that results in protection from cancer.
Protein 201 : Hypothesis #3 : The higher concentration of animal protein itself may be triggering an insulin like growth factor IGF-1/signaling pathway that could promote cancer growth	The Associations of Diet with Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor I and Its Main Binding Proteins in 292 Women Meat-Eaters, Vegetarians, and Vegans Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention Impact factor : 5.057 Citations : 222	To determine whether a plant-based (vegan) diet is associated with a lower circulating level of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) compared with a meat-eating or lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet.	Measuring the mean serum IGF-I concentration.	292 British women, ages 20 –70 year.	IGF-I concentration was 13% lower in 92 vegan women compared with 99 meat-eaters and 101 vegetarians Intake of protein rich in essential amino acids was positively associated with serum IGF-I
Protein 201 : Hypothesis #3 : The higher concentration of animal protein itself may be triggering an insulin like growth factor IGF-1/signaling pathway that could promote cancer growth	The impact of dietary protein intake on longevity and metabolic health EBioMedicine Impact factor : 5.736 Citations : 33	We focus on the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the promotion of ageing and age-related metabolic impairment induced by amino acids and their metabolites and discuss the current understanding of the effects of reduced dietary protein intake on longevity and metabolic health	Review of studies	NA	Recent evidence suggests that the macronutrient balance and single nutrients, such as protein, play a more crucial role in longevity and met-abolic health than total calorie intake. Animal protein intake was related to a higher risk of mortality, particularly CVD mortality. In contrast,higher plant protein intake was associated with lower all-cause mortal-ity. The substitution of animal protein from a variety of food sources,particularly processed red meat, with plant protein was associated with a lower risk of mortality, indicating that the protein source is im-portant for long-term health. In a randomized controlled trial, a moderate protein restriction, PR (7–9 % protein) diet improved markers of metabolic health in humans.